catastrophe evolution

[electrobleme]

catastrophe evolution is the "EUvolution" of man, animals, plants and perhaps the earth itself during or after Electric Universe catastrophe events. when and how does catastrophe evolution occur?

Does the change in DNA occur during the EU event and instantly transmutes the DNA and the physical shape of things? Or do changes in the energy of the area/earth and the morphic field change DNA and physical shape afterwards?

Can living things transmute and change shape instantly or very quickly?

is there evidence on earth that may show what does happen?

[electrobleme]

human species and races - variations of the theme

science suggests that there have been many variations of humans and most of them distinct and not related to each other. this would seem to come from the mainstream ideas of evolution, history and dating.

is there no missing link because we are the missing link? there is no missing link. its just the next stage of man, changed, formed or adapted to best cope with the location that they find themselves in. different species variations changing to reflect the area they are living in and that is why we have races, asian, black, white, aboriginal etc and that is also why they change. they change not over time but over catastrophe events

catastrophe evolution in an Electric Universe

Many people alive today possess some Neanderthal ancestry, according to a landmark scientific study.

The finding has surprised many experts, as previous genetic evidence suggested the Neanderthals made little or no contribution to our inheritance.

The result comes from analysis of the Neanderthal genome - the "instruction manual" describing how these ancient humans were put together.

Between 1% and 4% of the Eurasian human genome seems to come from Neanderthals.

But the study confirms living humans overwhelmingly trace their ancestry to a small population of Africans who later spread out across the world.

The most widely-accepted theory of modern human origins - known as Out of Africa - holds that the ancestors of living humans (Homo sapiens) originated in Africa some 200,000 years ago.

A relatively small group of people then left the continent to populate the rest of the world between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago.

While the Neanderthal genetic contribution - found in people from Europe, Asia and Oceania - appears to be small, this figure is higher than previous genetic analyses have suggested.

"They are not totally extinct. In some of us they live on, a little bit," said Professor Svante Paabo, from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.

Professor Chris Stringer, research leader in human origins at London's Natural History Museum, is one of the architects of the Out of Africa theory. He told BBC News: "In some ways [the study] confirms what we already knew, in that the Neanderthals look like a separate line.

"But, of course, the really surprising thing for many of us is the implication that there has been some interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans in the past." ...

John Hawks, assistant professor of anthropology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the US, told BBC News: "They're us. We're them.

"It seemed like it was likely to be possible, but I am surprised by the amount. I really was not expecting it to be as high as 4%," he said of the genetic contribution from Neanderthals.
Neanderthal genes 'survive in us' | news.bbc.co.uk

X-woman, denisova hominin



X-woman, denisova hominin

Scientists have identified a previously unknown type of ancient human through analysis of DNA from a finger bone unearthed in a Siberian cave.

The extinct "hominin" (human-like creature) lived in Central Asia between 48,000 and 30,000 years ago.

An international team has sequenced genetic material from the fossil showing that it is distinct from that of Neanderthals and modern humans.

Details of the find, dubbed "X-woman", have been published in Nature journal.

Ornaments were found in the same ground layer as the finger bone, including a bracelet.

Professor Chris Stringer, human origins researcher at London's Natural History Museum, called the discovery "a very exciting development".

"This new DNA work provides an entirely new way of looking at the still poorly-understood evolution of humans in central and eastern Asia."

The discovery raises the intriguing possibility that three forms of human - Homo sapiens, Neanderthals and the species represented by X-woman - could have met each other and interacted in southern Siberia.

The tiny fragment of bone from a fifth finger was uncovered by archaeologists working at Denisova Cave in Siberia's Altai Mountains in 2008.

An international team of researchers extracted mitochondrial DNA from the bone and compared the genetic sequence with those from modern humans and Neanderthals.

Origin unknown

Mitochondrial DNA comes from the cell's powerhouses and is passed down the maternal line only.

The analysis carried out by Johannes Krause from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and colleagues revealed the human from Denisova last shared a common ancestor with modern humans and Neanderthals about one million years ago.

This is known as the divergence date; essentially, when this human's ancestors split away from the line that eventually led to Neanderthals and ourselves.

The Neanderthal and modern human evolutionary lines diverged much later, around 500,000 years ago. This shows that the individual from Denisova is the representative of a previously unknown human lineage that derives from a hitherto unrecognised migration out of Africa.

"Whoever carried this mitochondrial genome out of Africa about a million years ago is some new creature that has not been on our radar screens so far," said co-author Professor Svante Paabo, also from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

The divergence date of one million years is too young for the Denisova hominin to have been a descendent of Homo erectus, which moved out of Africa into Asia some two million years ago.

And it is too old to be a descendent of Homo heidelbergensis, another ancient human thought to have originated around 650,000 years ago. However, for now, the researchers have steered away from describing the specimen as a new species.

Dr Krause said the ground layer in which the Denisova hominin fragment was found contain tools which are similar to those made by modern humans in Europe.

Slice of time

"We have ornaments, there is a bracelet, so there are several elements in the layers that are usually associated with modern human archaeology," he told BBC News.

"That's quite interesting, but of course, it is hard to prove that the bone is strongly associated to this archaeology, because it is possible that bones could have moved within the site.

"We are also not sure how exactly the excavation was done. It could have come from a deeper layer, so that's hard to say."

Professor Clive Finlayson, director of the Gibraltar Museum, said the find presented a number of questions, such as to what extent culture could continue to be used as a proxy for different prehistoric human groups.

Referring to his research on Neanderthals and modern humans in southern Iberia, he told BBC News: "The assumption is that when one group - the moderns - arrives the other group disappears. Here you have a very clear example of co-existence for long periods.

"Where is the rule that says you can have only one species in an area? Especially if they're at low density... the implications are big."

The research contributes to a more complex picture that has been emerging of humankind during the Late Pleistocene, the period when modern humans left Africa and started to colonise the rest of the world.

Professor Finlayson has previously argued: "A time slice at a point in the late Pleistocene would reveal a range of human populations spread across parts of Africa, Eurasia and Oceania.

"Some would have been genetically linked to each other, behaving as sub-species, while the more extreme populations may well have behaved as good species with minimal or no interbreeding."

It was long known that modern humans overlapped with Neanderthals in Europe, apparently for more than 10,000 years.

But in 2004, researchers discovered that a dwarf species of human, dubbed "The Hobbit", was living on the Indonesian island of Flores until 12,000 years ago - long after modern humans had colonised the region.

Difficult classification

Neanderthals appear to have been living at Okladnikov Cave in the Altai Mountains some 40,000 years ago. And a team led by Professor Anatoli Derevianko, from the Russian Academy of Sciences, has also found evidence of a modern human presence in the region at around the same time.

Professor Stringer commented: "Another intriguing question is whether there might have been overlap and interaction between not only Neanderthals and early moderns in Asia, but also, now, between either of those lineages and this newly-recognised one.

"The distinctiveness of the mitochondrial DNA patterns so far suggests that there was little or no interbreeding, but more extensive data will be needed from other parts of the genome, or from the fossils, for definitive conclusions to be reached."

Experts have been wondering whether X-woman might have links with known fossil humans from Asia, which have controversial classifications.

"Certain enigmatic Asian fossils dated between 250,000-650,000 years ago such as Narmada (in India), and Yunxian, Dali and Jinniushan (in China) have been considered as possible Asian derivatives of Homo heidelbergensis, so they are also potential candidates for this mystery non-erectus lineage," said Prof Stringer.

"However, there are other and younger fragmentary fossils such as the Denisova ones themselves, and partial skulls from Salkhit in Mongolia and Maba in China, which have been difficult to classify, and perhaps they do signal a greater complexity than we have appreciated up to now."

Other experts agreed that while the Siberian specimen may be a new species, this has yet to be shown.

"We really don't know," Ian Tattersall of the American Museum of Natural History in New York, told the Associated Press news agency.

Dr Tattersall, who wasn't involved in the new research, added: "The human family tree has got a lot of branchings. It's entirely plausible there are a lot of branches out there we don't know about."
DNA identifies new ancient human dubbed 'X-woman'  | news.bbc.co.uk

[electrobleme]

catastrophe evolution - aboriginals, mungo man and kow swamp man

Peter Jupp in his video onLake Mungo and Lake Victoria, the Australian Sodom and Gomorrah suggests that there are a number of different types of aboriginals found around an area of suggested EU catastrophe.

These different species of aboriginals are found around australian lunettes or shallow crater lakes. Mungo Man and Kow Swamp Man. Either these australian lunettes  were formed by an Electric Universe catastrophe event at the same time or at different times.

If the australian lunetteswere formed at the same time this would suggest that instant physical changes can occur to living beings, although in that case they would have died at the same time. So could the bodies still change while dying or after death? Could they have changed quickly before they died?

If the australian lunettes were formed at different times this could show that by being in a different location to others your physcial body will change or adapt to the local energy of the area.

There are a number of alternatives of course but these 2 will do to show that there are a number of different alternative options for catastrophe evolution. EUvolution may even occur differently depending on what has happened, it could be a mixture of a lot of circumstances and events.

LM3 Discovery

LM3 was discovered by ANU geomorphologist Dr. Jim Bowler on February 26, 1974 when shifting sand dunes exposed his remains. He was found near Lake Mungo, one of several dry lakes in the southeast part of the continent. The body was sprinkled with red ochre, in the earliest known example of such a sophisticated and artistic burial practice. This aspect of the discovery has been particularly significant to indigenous Australians, since it indicates that certain cultural traditions have existed on the Australian continent for much longer than previously thought.

The skeleton was of a gracile individual, which contrast with the morphology of modern indigenous Australians. The skeleton had been somewhat poorly preserved, with substantial portions of the skull missing, and most of the bones in the limbs suffering surface damage. The skull and pelvis bones carry many features used to determine sex, and with most of those features unavailable in LM3, determination of sex has been difficult. Nevertheless, significant studies of other diagnostic features since its discovery have reached a relative consensus around the remains being those of a male. LM3 was buried lying on its back, with his hands interlocked covering the groin. Based on evidence of osteoarthritis in the lumbar vertebrae, and severe wear on the teeth, it seems likely that LM3 was quite old when he died. New studies show that, using the length of his limb bones, it is possible to estimate LM3's height at an abnormally tall 196 centimetres (77 inches or 6 ft 5 in).
Mungo Lake remains | Mungo Lake remains

Morphological and metrical comparisons of the Kow Swamp crania have distinguished them from modern Aboriginal crania (Thorne 1976; Pietrusewsky 1979; Brown 1987) and a more gracile group of Pleistocene crania represented by Lake Mungo 1, Lake Mungo 3 and Keilor (Thorne 1977; Thorne and Wilson 1977). More recent morphological and statistical comparisons have failed to provide any support for Thorne's dual Pleistocene population model (Brown 1987, 1995; Hapgood 1986; Pardoe 1991). Perhaps, more importantly, Thorne's dual population model was not supported by his own research. Thorne and Wilson (1977) had clearly demonstrated that Keilor was an extremely large and robust cranium, while a comparative analysis of Lake Mungo 3 had never been conducted (Brown 1987). The only one of the terminal Pleistocene skeletons which could be considered to be relatively small and gracile was the Lake Mungo 1 cremation. While Lake Mungo 1 was not a particularly large individual the influence of cremation on reducing the size of bones (Doklá dal 1971; Heglar 1984) has never been taken into account.

Thorne and Wilson (1977:399) argue that the Kow Swamp morphological patterns provide 'strong evidence that major morphological changes have occurred in the facial and frontal regions of Aboriginal crania from northern Victoria over the last 9000-10,000 years'. Subsequent research has confirmed this aspect of Thorne and Wilson's research (Brown 1987, 1989, 1992a, 1992b). Terminal Pleistocene skeletal remains from south-eastern Australia can be distinguished from their recent counterparts by their greater size and robusticity. This includes greater average stature, larger mean head and tooth size, thicker bones in the cranial vault, larger and more rugose areas of muscle attachment and greater mean endocranial volumes. There appears to have been a gradual reduction in body size after 9,000 years BP, with people of modern body size and shape appearing at around 6000 to 5000 years BP.
Kow Swamp | pbrown

[electrobleme]

Saadanius is a new species or variation of a primate found in Saudi Arabia. It has similar features to new world monkeys. Is this because it is not that old, that a catastropic event that effected the earth either changed a primate into Saadanius or changed Saadanius into a different primate?

"But there could have been a suite of creatures at the time that were very similar and one of them became our ancestor," he said. "We need to get out in the field and get more data before making bigger claims."

The fossilised remains indicate that the primate looked very much like a modern new world monkey, such as a capuchin. But it was probably slightly larger - about the size of a gibbon.

It would have used all four limbs to run around in the trees. When resting, the scientists say, it probably lay in the trees rather than sitting upright on the ground.

Are they making a claim about what it did? Is the claim about how old it is and what it evolved into also a guess? Is evolution a bigger claim without any proof, just a theory as there was no other real alternative at the time?

Saadanius and primate evolution timeline including hominids

Fossil links humans and monkeys

Researchers have discovered the skull of a 29 million-year-old animal that could be a common ancestor of Old World monkeys and apes, including humans.

It indicates that apes and Old World monkeys diverged millions of years later than previously thought, say the scientists.

The discovery was made in Saudi Arabia by researchers from the University of Michigan.

They described the primate, Saadanius hijazensis, in the journal Nature.

Dr William Sanders from the University of Michigan, who led the research, said this was "an extraordinary find".

The skull of this previously unknown species had some features that are shared by Old World monkeys and apes, including humans, today

"Saadanius is close to a group that eventually led to us," said Dr Sanders.

"If we knew something about the time period and the condition this animal was living in, we might be able to discover what brought about the changes that led to [the evolution of] apes and humans".

Dr Sanders explained that Saadanius might even have been the common ancestor that linked humans to Old World Monkeys.

"But there could have been a suite of creatures at the time that were very similar and one of them became our ancestor," he said. "We need to get out in the field and get more data before making bigger claims."

The fossilised remains indicate that the primate looked very much like a modern new world monkey, such as a capuchin. But it was probably slightly larger - about the size of a gibbon.

It would have used all four limbs to run around in the trees. When resting, the scientists say, it probably lay in the trees rather than sitting upright on the ground.

The discovery suggests that the divergence of apes and Old World monkeys happened much later than the 30-35 million years ago that genetic studies have suggested.

The new date, of 29 million years ago, fits more closely with what the researchers would have expected and is not surprising from a palaeontological point of view.
Fossil links humans and monkeys | bbc.co.uk

[electrobleme]

the platypus theory is that nature creates things due to the energy or morphic field in the that area or time but uses basic building blocks. this is why you have animals in the past that have the same features as those today.

it has nothing to do with convergent evolution. the reason is that at time in the past the energy/frequency/field of that time was either the same as another area today or of a similar type. so gaia or the electric universe creates or produces an animal/plant/human with similar things as before. because it is what is needed.

the platypus theory explains the platypus. it is not related to all of those animals or has evolved into what it is today. it is a product of the morphic field was born in and it was created from all those individual building blocks because that was the best energy level/field for it.

this perhaps also explains why animals in captivity have problems reproducing as well as those in nature

Electric Biology

Experiments with electrostatic fields might illuminate biological diversity.

A major problem in biology is the internal motion of proteins. Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania using Magnetic Resonance Imaging were surprised to discover that the calmodulin protein molecule possesses an internal "jitter" that shakes it billions of times per second. This revelation led them to conclude that it is not merely the complex folded shape of such molecules that affects their function, but their internal movement.

According to Dr. Joshua Wand, “The situation is akin to the discussion in astrophysics in which theoreticians predict that there is dark matter, or energy, that no one has yet seen.”

Where the internal energy necessary for protein binding comes from is unknown at the present time, but it seems likely, based on research with electrostatic fields on various organisms, that there is an electrical component to the source. Cell walls are arranged in a double layer configuration with positive and negative ion channels built-in.

A book called The Primeval Code (Der Urzeit-Code) was recently published in Switzerland, detailing experiments that demonstrate how a changing electric field can alter gametes so much that new species are created.

According to author Luc Bürgin, "In laboratory experiments the researchers there Dr. Guido Ebner and Heinz Schürch exposed cereal seeds and fish eggs to an 'electrostatic field' – in other words, to a high voltage field, in which no current flows. Unexpectedly primeval organisms grew out of these seeds and eggs: a fern that no botanist was able to identify; primeval corn with up to twelve ears per stalk; wheat that was ready to be harvested in just four to six weeks. And giant trout, extinct in Europe for 130 years, with so-called salmon hooks. It was as if these organisms accessed their own genetic memories on command in the electric field, a phenomenon, which the English biochemist, Rupert Sheldrake, for instance believes is possible."

Electric Universe advocates recognize that plasma is a self-organizing phenomenon. Indeed, Irving Langmuir coined the name because he saw that collections of charged particles isolate themselves from their surroundings in ways that are similar to biological systems. A cell membrane could be thought of as a Langmuir plasma sheath, sustaining a voltage difference between the negatively charged interior and the positively charged exterior. Electric currents most likely maintain charge separation across the membrane layers.

Perhaps these observations can all be tied together. Sheldrake's "morphic fields," protein jitter, gamete alteration that leads to speciation, and the electric charges in cells might all be manifestations of plasma's emergent properties. At some time in the past, as these pages have repeatedly emphasized, Earth's electrical properties were substantially altered when other highly charged objects or ionic clouds passed close to our plasmasphere.

Intense electric arcs swept across the surface of the Earth, creating powerful electromagnetic fields that could have transmuted biological organisms in the same way that they changed the atomic structure of elements and minerals. The famous Miller-Urey experiment demonstrated that inorganic compounds exposed to electric currents can be altered to form organic chemicals like amino acids.

Given the report in The Primeval Code, it would not be too great a stretch to think that electric currents might cause proteins to shake at varying rates, thus changing their behavior, or triggering morphic fields to change state, creating new forms of life. Symbiosis, a longtime thorn in the side of evolutionary biology, might find its genesis in electricity.

Stephen Smith
Electric Biology |

[Mo]

What is likely to happen to a cell exposed to an electric field. A distorting force on the cell would be expected. The structural elements of the cell would transfer this force to the chromatin. The histone would change shape and different parts of the DNA would be exposed and expressed. Now because the magnetic field of the Earth was much stronger in the past, and is now decaying ( a very serious issue for humanity ), cells in the past could well have undergone similar distortion, and so the gene expression in the experiment could well be similar to what it was in the past. 

There are some significant things coming out of this idea of electricity changing gene expression. Acupuncture meridians could basically do the same thing by a current flowing through the structural elements and thereby changing gene expression. Thus kundalini flow could greatly change gene expression and make large changes in humanity. Sudden catastrophic electrical field changes in the past would have greatly changed gene expression very quickly and produced different creatures.

This would happen whether there was a morphic field or not. It does give a clue of how a morphic field might work.
Mo

[Jackson Holly]

This is a very interesting thread. However, my thinking is that the word 'catastrophe' implies chaos, or something uncontrolled and purely by chance. I am moving totally away from that mindset, of CHANCE being GOD. I am coming to the stunning conclusion that DNA/Molecular biology is 'informed' by an 'intelligent universe at large' - an EU event which guides, changes, 'informs' DNA may not be 'catastrophe' ... it may be an 'impulse of will' to change/grow.

Let's think in terms of the computer internet analogy for a moment ... with millions of personal computers connected electronically to a server. The server, in an act of will, sends a 'signal' to change the operating system of each personal computer. Each new 'copy' of the operating system will host the change.

[electrobleme]

This is a very interesting thread. However, my thinking is that the word 'catastrophe' implies chaos, or something uncontrolled and purely by chance. I am moving totally away from that mindset, of CHANCE being GOD. I am coming to the stunning conclusion that DNA/Molecular biology is 'informed' by an 'intelligent universe at large' - an EU event which guides, changes, 'informs' DNA may not be 'catastrophe' ... it may be an 'impulse of will' to change/grow.

Let's think in terms of the computer internet analogy for a moment ... with millions of personal computers connected electronically to a server. The server, in an act of will, sends a 'signal' to change the operating system of each personal computer. Each new 'copy' of the operating system will host the change.

something along the lines of the Akashic Records, Books of Life etc? i like the example at the end. the word catastrophe has been used due to these changes resulting from a catastrophic event that has struck earth, from the view point of the humans who were victims to it and because the title sounds kinda sexy

you raise some very good ideas and thoughts

although these events caused disaster to the earths living lifeforms (those that perished or had to suffere hardship afterwards) the actual events themselves may have increased life on earth. even mainstream science notices that after a catastrophe event has struck earth life has exploded or radiated afterwards. One of the classic examples is the Cambrian explosion or Cambrian radiation.

and i always wonder why is it called the "tree of life"? unless ...

similar to what you are saying that although supposedly bad things, only long term good has come out of these events

the next or new stage of life on earth? a continual development of life and humans to a higher state of being? the next phase of the earth and the solar system?

if god or an intelligent universe is partly a reflection of the universe then does god or the intelligent universe also increase or evolve itself every time the universe "improves" ?

[Mo]

If one considers that the ultimate being lies within each of us, then life is all about the expression of that ultimate being through one's body. And this becomes a question of what hinders this expression. So the ultimate being is all about the study of those things which prevent it's expression. Thus life is about learning to overcome these things. So one would then expect life to throw up as much life as possible, with many hinderances so that this life can learn how to deal with such.
Mo

[electrobleme]

If one considers that the ultimate being lies within each of us, then life is all about the expression of that ultimate being through one's body. And this becomes a question of what hinders this expression. So the ultimate being is all about the study of those things which prevent it's expression. Thus life is about learning to overcome these things. So one would then expect life to throw up as much life as possible, with many hinderances so that this life can learn how to deal with such.
Mo

a short but great post Mo, thanks made me think and look at some things completely different (should really be everything and maybe one day will!). i was given the book the Tao of Jung and did not read it for straight away then suddenly started it a couple of weeks ago. it was the correct time and with this post there is linkage

[electrobleme]

Saham Toney Mere in Noforlk may have been the scene of an Electric Universe discharge or EDM event that formed a large crater which is now a lake. In England flatter than deeper lakes are called Meres and in Norfolk there are some very special round or oval Meres that could be EU. Does Saham Toney Mere have proof of catastrophe evolution, the energy of the area having or does create variations of the same life forms?

Saham Toney Mere Norfolk and evidence of catastrophe evolution?

In Saham Toney Mere (found on top of a rolling hill or blister) the large lake has 2 varieties of eel, both as different from each other as you can get.

Here is a very large lake which abounds with exceeding good fish of several kinds, but is morst remarkable for its fine eels, though amoung them there is a particular species, with exceedinlgy large heads, which the inhabitants, from their ugliness, call old women, as much to be noted for their bad, as the others are for their excellent fine taste and colour
A general history of the country of Norfolk | books.google.co.uk

There is also fossil and environmental evidence of EU events having occured in the area

How does a closed lake that is not that large have 2 distinct varieties of eels? i have not found any records of similar strange eels in the rest of norfolk so dont believe they were introduced from foriegn places.

[electrobleme]

the platypus theory and the cat like crocodile



Pakasuchus kapilimai - the mamal crocodile

the tanzanian Pakasuchus kapilimai is a mamal crocodile and the Pakasuchus kapilimai has been described as a 'cat-like' crocodile due to its teeth and skull.

the  Pakasuchus kapilimai  is another example of an animal being formed using building blocks to fit together an animal that is suited for the environment because it was created/energised by the environment it was brought up in. we should find more of these platypus theory type animals.

was the animal something else and then changed during a catastrophe evolution event or was it changed during its conception and time before it was born?

Ancient 'cat-like' crocodile had bite like a mammal

Palaeontologists working in Tanzania have unearthed fossils of a tiny crocodile-like creature with teeth resembling those of mammals.

The animal, Pakasuchus kapilimai, lived between 144 and 65 million years ago - during the Cretaceous - in what is now sub-Saharan Africa.

Scientists say the find shows that crocs were once more diverse than they are today.

The team reports its discovery in the journal Nature.

Paka means "cat" in Kiswahili, Tanzania's official language, and refers to the reptile's short, low skull with slicing, molar-like teeth.

Patrick O'Connor, associate professor of anatomy at the Ohio University College of osteopathic medicine, led an international team of researchers.

He said the new animal was a lot smaller than its modern relatives, adding that "its head would fit in the palm of your hand".

It also looked quite different from modern "crocodilians" - the group which includes alligators and crocodiles, he added.

"At first glance, this croc is trying very hard to be a mammal," said Professor O'Connor.

"If you only looked at the teeth, you wouldn't think this was a crocodile. You would wonder what kind of strange mammal or mammal-like reptile it is."

The scientists used X-ray computed tomography to analyse the creature's skull and jaw.

The digital images revealed that this reptile possessed dental features that had previously only been thought to exist in mammals, such as teeth with shearing edges used to process food.

According to co-author Nancy Stevens, also at Ohio University, the ancient reptile "occupied a dramatically different feeding niche than do modern crocodilians".

Dr Stevens explained that the tiny crocodile was able to bite and swallow just like mammals.

Typically, crocodiles have simple, conical teeth that serve to catch and tear prey.

Dr O'Connor and his colleagues classified Pakasuchus within an extinct crocodile group, the notosuchians, which lived sometime during the Cretaceous period.

At this time, the Earth was very different from today - a single landmass called Pangaea was in the process of dividing into smaller continents, including Laurasia in the north and Gondwanaland in the south.

"The presence of morphologically bizarre and highly specialised notosuchian crocodyliforms (crocodilians) like Pakasuchus in the southern landmasses, along with an apparently low diversity of mammals in the same areas, has potentially profound ecological implications," said co-author Joseph Sertich of Stony Brook University, US.

"This entire group of crocodiles deviates radically from the 'typical' crocodile, most notably in their bizarre dentition, demonstrating a diversification not seen in the Northern Hemisphere during this time interval."

Besides having strange teeth, it also had an extremely flexible backbone.

Scientists think the animal lived mostly on land and not in the water, probably hunting insects and other small animals to survive.
Ancient 'cat-like' crocodile had bite like a mammal | bbc.co.uk/news

[electrobleme]

Australian Aboriginals in America or catastrophe evolution?

Firstly if the dating is correct then this causes problems for the standard theories about how the earth was populated. But was it Australian Aboriginals or was it catastrophe evolution? Similar Electric Universe catastrophe events happening in different places in the world, creating similar human beings?

Did Australian Aborigines reach America first?

SYDNEY: Cranial features distinctive to Australian Aborigines are present in hundreds of skulls that have been uncovered in Central and South America, some dating back to over 11,000 years ago.

Evolutionary biologist Walter Neves of the University of São Paulo, whose findings are reported in a cover story in the latest issue of Cosmos magazine, has examined these skeletons and recovered others, and argues that there is now a mass of evidence indicating that at least two different populations colonised the Americas.

He and colleagues in the United States, Germany and Chile argue that first population was closely related to the Australian Aborigines and arrived more than 11,000 years ago.

Cranial morphology

The second population to arrive was of humans of 'Mongoloid' appearance - a cranial morphology distinctive of people of East and North Asian origin - who entered the Americas from Siberia and founded most (if not all) modern Native American populations, he argues.

"The results suggest a clear biological affinity between the early South Americans and the South Pacific population. This association allowed for the conclusion that the Americas were occupied before the spreading of the classical Mongoloid morphology in Asia," Neves says.

Until about a decade ago, the dominant theory in American archaeology circles was that the 'Clovis people' - whose culture is defined by the stone tools they used to kill megafauna such as mammoths - was the first population to arrive in the Americas.

Clovis culture

They were thought to have crossed the Bering Strait from Siberia into Alaska at the end of the last Ice Age, some 10,000 or so years ago, following herds of megafauna across a land bridge created as water was locked up in glaciers and ice sheets.

But in the late 1990s, Neves and his colleagues re-examined a female skeleton that had been excavated in the 1970s in an extensive cave system in Central Brazil known as Lapa Vermelha.

The skeleton - along with a treasure trove of other finds - had been first unearthed by a Brazilian-French archaeological team that disbanded shortly after its leader, Annette Laming-Emperare, died suddenly. A dispute between participants kept the find barely examined for more than a decade.

The oldest female skeleton, dubbed Luzia, is between 11,000 and 11,400 years old. The dating is not exact because the material in the bones used for dating - collagen - has long since degraded; hence, only the layers of charcoal or sediment above and below the skeleton could be dated.

"We believe she is the oldest skeleton in the Americas," Neves said.

Luzia has a very projected face; her chin sits out further than her forehead, and she has a long, narrow brain case, measured from the eyes to the back of the skull; as well as a low nose and low orbits, the space where the eyes sit.

These facial features are indicative of what Neves calls the 'generalised cranial morphology' - the morphology of anatomically modern humans, who first migrated out of Africa more than 100,000 years ago, and made it as far as Australia some 50,000 years ago, and Melanesia 40,000 years ago.

New finds in seven sites

When Neves first announced his discovery of Luzia in the late 1990s, he faced criticism from a number of archaeologists, who claimed the dating was not accurate. He has since returned to excavate four other sites, and is still cataloguing skeletons from the most recent dig.

In total, there are now hundreds of skeletons with the cranial morphology similar to Australian Aborigines, found in seven sites - as far north as Florida in the United States to Palli Aike in southern Chile.

In 2005, he published a paper in the U.S journal, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, analysing the characteristics of a further 81 skeletons he recovered from one of four sites, in which he said strengthened his argument that there were migrations to the Americas from at least two major populations.

Not related to Native Americans

In June 2010 in the journal PLoS ONE, Neves and colleagues Mark Hubbe of Chile's Northern Catholic University and Katerina Harvati from Germany's University of Tübingen, showed that it was not possible for the Aborigine-like skeletons to be the direct ancestors of the Native Americans.

Nor was it possible for the two populations to share a last common ancestor at the time of the first entrance into the continent, they argued, based on the 57 cranial measurements that can be made on a skull.

So far, almost all DNA studies of Native Americans points to a single entry from Siberia. This may mean that the original population died out, or simply that DNA studies have been too narrow, argue a number of archaeologists.

Genetic evidence needed

"The lack of a perfect match between morphological and molecular information can be easily explained by a very frequent event in molecular evolution: loss of DNA lineages throughout time," Neves says.

"At first, I thought there had been a complete replacement of the population [in South America]," just as there was a replacement of a similar population in East Asia during the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary.

However, he now thinks that the original people were, at least partly, absorbed into the colonising groups. "I have not detected anything that could say they interbred [such as skulls exhibiting mixed cranial features].

"But I think we will. It would be unlikely if these people lived side-by-side for 10,000 years and did not interbreed," he added.

Neves is now calling on molecular archaeologists - experts in the recovery and analysis of DNA - to turn their focus to the question of who Luzia's Aborigine-like people were.
Did Australian Aborigines reach America first? cosmosmagazine.com

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catastrophe evolution - oldest dinosaur eggs found

the embryos and babies changed into the adults or the embryos were changed or the adults were changed by the Electric Universe event that was responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs?

Palaeontologists have identified the oldest known dinosaur embryos, belonging to a species that lived some 190 million years ago.

The eggs of Massospondylus, containing well-perserved embryos, were unearthed in South Africa back in 1976.

The creature appears to be an ancestor of the family that includes the long-necked dino once known as Brontosaurus.

The study in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology also sheds light on the dinosaurs' early development.

The researchers used the embryos to reconstruct what the dinosaurs' babies might have looked like when they roamed the Earth.

Having studied the fossilised eggs, the team, led by Professor Robert Reisz of the University of Toronto Mississauga in Canada, discovered that the embryos were the oldest ones ever found of any land-dwelling vertebrate.

"This project opens an exciting window into the early history and evolution of dinosaurs," said Professor Reisz.

"Prosauropods are the first dinosaurs to diversify extensively, and they quickly became the most widely spread group, so their biology is particularly interesting as they represent in many ways the dawn of the age of dinosaurs."
'Awkward' bodies

Massospondylus belonged to a group of dinosaurs known as prosauropods, the ancestors of sauropods - huge, four-legged dinosaurs with long necks.

Having studied the tiny (20cm-long) skeletons, the researchers noted that the embryos were almost about to hatch - but never had the chance.

Interestingly, the report says, the embryos looked quite different compared to the adult animals.

Once hatched, the babies would have had rather long front legs, meaning that they would have been walking on all fours rather than on two legs like the adults.

The embryos' heads were also disproportionally big, but it is believed the adult Massospondylus, which were about five metres in length, had relatively tiny heads and long necks.

The little ones' anatomy would have changed with age.

The paper stated that the rather awkward body of the embryos suggested that just like humans, the hatchlings would have required parental care - and if in this case, it would be the earliest known example of parental care.
Eggs with the oldest known embryos of a dinosaur found

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Palau - Jellyfish Lake

Palau

How many jellyfish is just enough? How about 10 million, especially when you are swimming with them in Palau's renowned Jellyfish Lake? (Do not worry, the local species have evolved with an absence of stingers).

With a population of about 20,000, one of the world's newest countries is also one of the smallest. The tiny island nation of Palau showcases some of the Pacific's best diving opportunities with more than 60 vertical drop-offs punctuating locations like Blue Corner, Shark City and Turtle Cove. In 2001, the Palau Shark Sanctuary was established to further protect Palau's sharks from the Asian shark-fin industry.

As Palau only achieved independence from United States trusteeship in 1994, you will need to come equipped with US dollars.
Palau - Ten new nations worth a visit | bbc.com

Local morphic fields creating animals that are different to normal or even different to each other?

Here is a very large lake which abounds with exceeding good fish of several kinds, but is most remarkable for its fine eels, though amoung them there is a particular species, with exceedinlgy large heads, which the inhabitants, from their ugliness, call old women, as much to be noted for their bad, as the others are for their excellent fine taste and colour
Saham Toney Mere - A general history of the country of Norfolk | John Chambers (1829)